Vocational technology education innovation: building a generation of experts in the digital age

ABSTRACT


Introduction
In recent decades, technological developments have fundamentally changed the educational and industrial landscape.The digital revolution has brought significant changes in the way we learn, teach and operate in various industry sectors.In this era, vocational technology education has a central role in preparing individuals for success in an increasingly digital and complex world.
The integration of technology in education has enabled the adoption of more interactive, personalized and adaptive learning models.Tools such as online learning platforms, mobile devices, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) have enriched students' learning experience.These not only facilitate access to various resources and content, but also encourage active and collaborative participation.(Alexander et al., 2019), (Qushem et al., 2021), (Mota et al., 2018), (Kurdi, 2021).
Industry has also moved towards the digital age with the development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0.Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and automation have changed the way production, supply chain management, and interaction with customers.This creates new demands for a workforce that has skills relevant to advanced technologies.(Özdemir & Hekim, 2018), (Nahr et al., 2021), (Djamaludin, 2021)

Results and Discussions
Innovation in Vocational Technology Education Different types of innovations in vocational technology education have emerged in response to technological developments and changing industry needs.Here are some examples of the types of innovation:

Project-Based Learning
This method emphasizes learning through real projects that reflect workplace situations.Students work on projects that simulate real-world situations, integrating technical skills with problem solving and collaboration.(Sutaphan & Yuenyong, 2019), (Fajra & Novalinda, 2020)

Online and Blended Learning
With the development of digital technology, vocational technology education is increasingly utilizing online-based learning.It involves virtual learning platforms, online classes and online learning resources to deliver course content to students, either fully or in combination with face-to-face learning (blended learning).(Yustina et al., 2020), (Chiemeke & Imafidor, 2020) 3. Simulation and Virtual Reality (VR) Simulation and VR are used to create realistic and interactive learning experiences.Students can engage in simulations of real situations such as machine assembly or handling hazardous materials without any real physical risks.(Pottle, 2019), (So et al., 2019), (Makransky & Petersen, 2019)

Application of Augmented Reality (AR) in Learning
AR combines the physical world with digital elements through devices such as smartphones or tablets.

Use of Data Processing Technology (Big Data) for Curriculum Development
The use of big data in educational analytics allows institutions to track student progress in detail and identify areas that need strengthening in the curriculum.This can facilitate the development of a more adaptive curriculum.(Alam, 2022) (Chen et al., 2020) (Alam, 2021) (Sugandini et al., 2022) 6. Game-based Training (Gamification) This approach integrates game elements in learning to increase student motivation and facilitate better understanding of concepts.Students can be given real challenges or scenarios that they need to solve in a game format.(Saleem et al., 2022) (Jääskä & Aaltonen, 2022) (Martua, 2022)

Virtual Classroom with Video Conference Technology
Video conferencing technology allows students to participate in virtual classes guided by instructors or industry professionals remotely.This allows access to a wider range of knowledge and experience without having to be physically in the same place.(Mason et al., 2019) (Chylinski et al., 2020) (Hariyadi et al., 2023)

Use of Technology Tools and Devices in Practice
Innovation can also be the use of new technological tools or devices in hands-on practical processes.For example, the introduction of robotics in automation lessons or the use of design software in graphic design lessons.(Pang et al., 2022) (Selwyn et al., 2017).By bringing about these positive effects, innovations in vocational technology education help shape a generation of experts who are ready and confident to face the challenges and opportunities of an increasingly digitalized world.

Impact of Innovation on Students' Skills and Knowledge
Innovations in vocational technology education have a significant impact on students' skills and knowledge.This impact involves changes in the way students learn, understanding of concepts, and development of relevant skills.The following is a further analysis of the impact of innovations on students' skills and knowledge:

Improved Technical Skills
Innovations that involve the use of new technologies, such as simulations or hands-on practice with technological devices, directly improve students' technical skills.They have the opportunity to Vocational Technology Education Innovation: Building a Generation of Experts in the Digital Age experience and practice using actual devices that they will encounter in the workplace.(Pellas et al., 2020)

Challenges in Implementing Vocational Technology Education Innovations
The implementation of innovations in vocational technology education does not always go smoothly and can be faced with a number of challenges that need to be overcome.Here are some common challenges in implementing innovations in vocational technology education: 1. Availability of Adequate Technology Resources Not all educational institutions have equal access to the hardware and software needed to implement innovations, such as computers, mobile devices, or VR devices.Limited availability of resources can hinder the implementation of innovations.(Nikolopoulou, 2020) (Prameswari, 2022) Overcoming these challenges requires strong collaboration between educational institutions, industry, teachers, students and other relevant parties.A planned and concerted effort must be made to ensure that vocational technology education innovations provide the maximum benefit to students and their preparation for the world of work.
The Impact of Challenges on the Generation of Experts.
The challenges of implementing innovations in vocational technology education can have a significant impact on the formation of the next generation of experts.This impact can include various aspects of student formation, in terms of skills, knowledge, mentality, and their readiness to face the world of work.Here are some of the possible influences:

Inadequate Technical Skills
Challenges related to the availability of technological resources and a curriculum that is not in line with industry needs may result in graduates with inadequate technical skills.They may face difficulties in applying these skills in the workplace.(Alawi et al., 2022) (Joshi & Gupta, 2021) In order to minimize these negative influences and maximize the results of forming a generation of experts, collaborative efforts between educational institutions, industry, and other relevant stakeholders are required.Addressing these challenges effectively will help ensure that vocational technology education innovations truly benefit students and prepare them for the dynamic world of work.

Implications for Vocational Technology Education
Innovation in vocational technology education has broad and significant implications for the education system, students, industry and society as a whole.Here are some important implications of innovation in vocational technology education: 1. Improved Quality of Learning Innovation brings about changes in teaching and learning methods, enabling the delivery of more engaging, interactive and relevant material.This has an impact on improving the quality of education, enhancing student understanding, and optimizing learning outcomes.(Binks et al., 2021)  With the implementation of innovation, vocational technology education graduates have higher competitiveness in the job market.They come with relevant skills, up-to-date knowledge and readiness to adapt.(Semerikov et al., 2020) (Haryani et al., 2021) These implications show that innovation in vocational technology education brings significant changes in the way education is conducted and how students prepare for the world of work.By maximizing the potential of innovation, vocational technology education can provide graduates who are better prepared to face the challenges and opportunities of the digital era.

Steps for Sustainable Innovation Development in Vocational Technology Education
The development of sustainable innovation in vocational technology education is a process that requires continuous effort and a holistic approach.Innovation should be an integral part of how vocational technology education is designed and run.The following are steps that can be taken to develop sustainable innovation in vocational technology education: 1. Industry and Labor Market Needs Analysis Conducting an in-depth analysis of industry needs and labor market trends is an important first step.This will help in identifying the skills, knowledge and qualifications required by graduates in facing industry challenges.(Prapinit et al., 2019)  Getting feedback from students on their experience with the innovation can help to continuously refine and adjust the approach.Feedback from industry is also important to ensure that graduates meet expectations.(Ghani & Muhammad, 2019) (De Villiers, 2021)

Flexibility in Curriculum Updates
Vocational Technology Education Innovation: Building a Generation of Experts in the Digital Age The curriculum needs to be designed with flexibility to allow for the integration of technology and changing industry trends without having to change the entire curriculum structure.(Benavides et al., 2020) (Volungeviciene et al., 2020)

Research and Publications
Facilitating research and publications in the field of vocational technology education innovation can provide further insight into what works and how innovation development can continue.(Sudarmo et al., 2021) (Griffiths et al., 2022) It is important to remember that innovation is not static.It must constantly adapt to industry and technological developments.By taking these steps, vocational technology education institutions can continue to develop innovations that are relevant, effective and sustainable in preparing graduates for the challenges of a dynamic world of work.

Conclusions
In order to prepare a generation of experts ready for the digital age, the positive impacts of innovations in vocational technology education are crucial in ensuring that students have the relevant and necessary skills and knowledge.Some common challenges in implementing vocational technology education innovations Availability of Adequate Technology Resources Not all educational institutions have equal access to the hardware and software needed to implement innovations, such as computers, mobile devices, or VR devices.Inability to access and operate technology due to infrastructure barriers or lack of training can hinder the development of digital skills and technological literacy that are essential in today's workforce.Implications for Vocational Technology Education Innovation in vocational technology education has broad and significant implications for the education system, students, industry, and society as a whole.
Several ways in which innovations in education affect students' preparation to contribute to industry are Enhanced Relevant Technical Skills Innovations in education enable students to develop technical skills relevant to industry demands.
They enter the workforce with relevant skills, an understanding of technology, and an adaptive mentality, making them better prepared to meet the challenges and opportunities in an ever-evolving work environment.
Steps for Sustainable Innovation Development in Vocational Technology Education Sustainable innovation development in vocational technology education is a process that requires continuous efforts and a holistic approach.
The high demand for technological skills in the world of work has driven the development of various types of innovations in vocational technology education.Each innovation has the potential to enhance student learning and prepare them for the challenges of an ever-evolving digital age.
(Kosim, 2020)age: https://jurnal.iicet.org/index.php/j-eduInnovations in vocational technology education help students understand the underlying technological concepts behind the Industrial Revolution 4.0, such as IoT, AI, and automation.They will be better prepared for the changes taking place in various industry sectors.(Kosim, 2020)(Amirulloh et al., 2022) 7. Increased Self-Confidence A deep understanding of technology and the ability to use it effectively boosts students' confidence.They feel more prepared to contribute in real projects or handle technical tasks in the work environment.(Ertmer& Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010) (Mumford, 2006) (Groff & Mouza, 2008) (Felder & Brent, 2007) 8. Alignment with Industry Developments Through innovation, students get better exposure to the latest industry developments.This helps them understand industry requirements and trends, making them more relevant and valuable in the job market.(Archer & Davison, 2008)(Jackson et al., 2023) 9. Readiness to Embrace Change Innovation teaches students to embrace change openly.They get used to the use of new technologies and adapt to a fast-changing environment, which are essential skills in the digital age.(Khalid et al., 2018) (Marougkas et al., 2023) 2022)(Gamage et al., 2020)2.Deeper Understanding of ConceptsEducational innovation allows students to delve deeper into technological concepts through practical experience or better visualization.This helps them understand the concepts thoroughly and apply them in a real context.(Marougkasetal., 2023)(Shofiyyah et al., 2023) 3. Enhanced Critical Thinking Ability Innovations often encourage students to think critically in problem solving.For example, through project-based learning or gamification, students are exposed to problems that require analytical and creative thinking to solve.(Qureshi & Jamil, 2023) (Dar & Fayaz, 2023) (Tsalapatas et al., 2020) 4. Development of Collaboration and Communication Skills Innovations that involve teamwork or collaboration in projects encourage the development of students' collaboration and communication skills.They learn how to interact with teammates, share ideas, and unify views to achieve a common goal.(Sharif et al., 2021) (Phuthong, 2021) 5. Readiness for Advanced Technology With innovations that integrate advanced technologies, students have the opportunity to become familiar with technologies that they may not have experienced before.This helps them feel more prepared for technological developments at work and in everyday life.(Goh & Sigala, 2020) (Akuratiya & Meddage, 2020) 6. Improved Problem-Solving Skills Innovation often exposes students to challenges and situations that require problem-solving.This teaches them how to identify problems, analyze their causes, and develop effective solutions.Understanding of Technology's Relevance to the Real World Innovation helps students understand how technology is actually applied in the real world.It helps them see the connection between what they learn in the classroom and how technology is used in industry and society.(Keshav et al., 2022) (Baran et al., 2021) In order to prepare a generation of experts ready for the digital age, the positive impacts of innovation in vocational technology education are crucial in ensuring that students have the relevant and necessary skills and knowledge.
(Mukhid, 2023), 2023)1)ie et al., 2022)7.Digital Skills DevelopmentEducational innovations allow students to interact with digital technologies in the learning environment.This helps them develop digital skills such as online navigation, software usage, and digital literacy that are increasingly important in an increasingly connected world.(GarzónArtachoetal., 2020)(Biletska et al., 2021)8.Increased ConfidenceInnovation helps students feel more confident in facing technical challenges and real-world situations.By practicing using technology and developing skills, they feel better prepared to take on various tasks and projects in the workplace.(Maheshwari,2023)(Bizamietal., 2023)9.Motivation in LearningInnovations that present learning in engaging formats such as games or simulations can increase students' motivation to learn.They feel more involved in the learning process and are more motivated to achieve good results.(Mukhid,2023)(Maulia,2023) (Sofiyah & Dwiratnawati, 2023) (Makri et al., 2021) (Nieto-Escamez & Roldán-Tapia, 2021) 10.
(Nkwanyane et al., 2020)Curriculum that is not aligned with industry needs Curricula that are not aligned with industry technological developments can produce graduates with irrelevant or obsolete skills.Creating a curriculum that is current and relevant to industry developments is a major challenge.(Nkwanyaneetal., 2020)(Erdem, 2019) 3. Lack of Industry Involvement Vol. 9, No. 2, 2023, pp.1079-1097 1084 Industry involvement in the development and implementation of vocational technology education innovations is crucial.Lack of collaboration between educational institutions and industry can result in a lack of understanding of the actual needs of the industry.(Okpatrioka & Sopian, 2023) (Dedaj, 2022) 4. Lack of Teacher Skills in New Technology Teachers may not yet have sufficient skills in the new technologies introduced in the innovation.Intensive training is needed to ensure that teachers have a deep understanding and skills in teaching new technologies to students.(Oke & Fernandes, 2020) (Tejedor et al., 2021) 5. Technical and Infrastructure Barriers Technology often requires good infrastructure such as a stable internet connection and adequate hardware.In less developed areas, technical and infrastructure barriers can be a serious obstacle.(Okoye et al., 2023) (Neffati et al., 2021) 6. Resistance to Change Students, teachers or school administration may show resistance to changes in existing learning methods or curriculum.They may feel uncomfortable or unsure about new technologies or different learning approaches.(Mikheev et al., 2021) (DeMatthews et al., 2021) 7. Evaluation and Measurement of Effectiveness Quantitatively measuring the effectiveness of vocational technology education innovations can be challenging.The process involves many variables and takes time to see the long-term impact on student learning.(Ley et al., 2022) (Kuleto et al., 2021) 8. Implementation Costs Innovations often involve additional costs for procurement of devices, software, teacher training and technology maintenance.For institutions with limited budgets, these costs can be an obstacle.(Olatunji et al., 2023) (Mohmad, 2023) 9. Compatibility with Local Culture and Values Some innovations may not fit with local culture or values, making it difficult for students or communities to accept.The existence of cultural gaps can hinder the acceptance of innovations.
(Taraju et al., 2022)ps://jurnal.iicet.org/index.php/j-edu(Nurkholidhaetal., n.d.)(Taraju et al., 2022)10.Sustainability of Innovation Some innovations may be successful initially, but are difficult to sustain in the long term due to changing conditions or priorities.Maintaining the sustainability of innovations is a challenge that needs to be overcome.(H.Nainggolan et al., 2023) (Saad & Zainudin, 2022)eative Thinking SkillsVocational Technology Education Innovation: Building a Generation of Experts in the Digital Age Challenges in implementing project-based learning or problem-solving methods can result in a lack of development of critical and creative thinking skills in students.This could affect their ability to deal with complex situations in the real world.(Arif&Putri,2022)(Saad & Zainudin, 2022)6.Low Digital Skills and Technological Literacy Inability to access and operate technology due to infrastructure barriers or lack of training can hinder the development of digital skills and technological literacy that are essential in today's workforce.(Lina Anatan, 2022) (Putra et al., 2022) 7. Resistance to Change and Innovation The challenge of dealing with resistance to change can hinder the adoption of innovations by students.This can slow down the development of adaptability and flexibility skills required in the fast-changing world of work.(de Luna & Encio, 2023) (I.Ali & Aboelmaged, 2022) 8. Suboptimal Motivation in Learning Technical constraints or the incompatibility of innovations with local culture can reduce students' motivation to learn.This can impact participation rates, concept understanding, and skill development.(W.Li et al., 2021) (Silver et al., 2019) 9. Lack of Industry Engagement Challenges in establishing strong collaboration between educational institutions and industry may result in a limited understanding of the actual needs of the industry.This may result in graduates who do not fully match the demands of the world of work.(Stachová et al., 2019) (Veile et al., 2020) 10.Lack of Understanding of Technology's Linkage to the Real World Challenges in integrating technology with the real world or the lack of emphasis on practical applications in innovation may result in graduates who have theoretical knowledge, but struggle to relate it to the world of work.(J.Singh et al., 2022) (Jerry & Yunus, 2021)2021)ugh exposure to the latest technologies due to technical constraints or a lagging curriculum.they may not be prepared to deal with technological changes in the workplace.(Muthuprasadetal., 2021)(Jerry & Yunus, 2021)5.
(Kwangmuang et al., 2021)2021)2.Strengthening Linkages with Industry By incorporating industrial elements in educational innovation, students are closer to the realities of the workplace.This helps to solidify the linkage of education to industry needs, preparing graduates who are better equipped to contribute to the world of work.(Ramírez-Montoyaetal., 2021) (Faqih & Jaradat, 2021) 3. Development of Relevant Skills Innovation enables the development of skills that are in line with industry and technological developments.This helps students gain relevant and actual skills, making them more adaptable to the demands of the world of work.(Fajaryatietal., 2020) (L.Li, 2022) 4. Improved Critical and Creative Thinking Skills Innovative learning methods, such as project-based learning, encourage students to think critically and creatively.They are encouraged to solve complex problems and formulate innovative solutions, which are essential skills in the world of work.(Sumarni&Kadarwati,2020) (Megayanti et al., 2020) 5. Introduction to Latest Technology Innovation enables the introduction of the latest technology to students.It gives them early exposure to industry-relevant technologies, preparing them to deal with technological changes and revolutions.(Bocevska&Nedelkovski,2021) (Indrawati & Kuncoro, 2021) 6. Deep Practical ExperienceInnovation allows students to gain in-depth practical experience through simulations, experiments, or internships.This teaches them how to apply knowledge in real situations and understand the daily challenges of the workplace.(Gong,2021)(Kwangmuanget al., 2021)